Unveiling Advances in Liquid Chromatography

From liquid chromatography, the technology advanced to high-performance LC and then to ultra-HPLC. Despite being the newest form of LC, UHPLC platforms come in many forms.

Many advances have been made in the world of liquid chromatography (LC) since its introduction over a century ago by Mikhail Tsvet. Obviously, the creative works of many scientists contributed to the development of LC, especially from the 1940s to the 1980s. However, central to the widespread development of the technique was the development of practical instrumentation by Csaba Horváth and Sandy Lipsky at Yale University in the mid-1960s to mid-1970s to create what is today known as high performance LC (HPLC).

Nearly five decades on, HPLC has become a big business. Market research firm, Top Down Analytics, projected 2018 worldwide HPLC instrument revenues of over USD 5 billion, with daily usage across such industries as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, environmental safety, forensic medicine, and many others. Without the widespread deployment of HPLC, one would be faced with a world where many items would be less safe for human consumption, protecting the environment would be more difficult, and accurately identifying certain criminal activities would be nearly impossible.

Indian market
The Indian HPLC systems market saw a decline of 10 percent in 2018, or was at the best flat for some vendors. This may be attributed largely to a dip in the market from non-compliance.

After years of struggle, the Indian pharmaceutical industry finally got many things right in 2018 with the American government’s drugs regulator. Not only did inspection outcomes improve, far more in line with global outcomes. The number of cases where the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) there chose to classify a production unit here under the Official Action Indicated (OAI) category fell sharply.

From 27 cases of OAI in 2014 and 22 in 2017, the number shrank significantly to seven. After an inspection, the FDA classifies a plant as either OAI, VAI (Voluntary Action Needed) or NAI (No Action Needed).

This change came even as FDA-registered drug facilities rose 63 per cent in India between 2011 and 2018. In comparison, there was a 51 per cent increase in China, of 25 percent in the European Union and a 10 percent decline in the US itself.

Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance (IPA), the industry body that represents research-based companies here, had started an initiative around 3 years earlier to improve quality standards among members. In 2016 six IPA members – Cadila Healthcare, Cipla, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Lupin, Sun Pharmaceutical and Torrent Pharmaceuticals – set up a forum to address the issues of data integrity and quality culture.

The effort seems to be now bearing fruit. A recent study by IPA and consultancy firm McKinsey showed India had six per cent of FDA global inspections in 2014. This steadily rose to 14 per cent of global inspections in 2018. Of the total of 174 such inspections in India last year, only seven were classified as OAI; 91 were VAI and 76 as NAI. By contrast, in 2017, it was 22 OAI, 80 VAI and 43 NAI. There has been a reduction in data reliability, and investigation & root cause assessment related errors, noted the study. It says gaps in manufacturing systems and laboratory controls are now a leading source of non-compliance. Companies are increasingly investing on improving such compliance. The industry is adopting more of automation and electronic data management and have a better understanding on compliance issues.

The HPLC systems market is expected to pick up once again by 2020.

Vendors update
Agilent 1260 Infinity II Prime LC systems. The family now includes binary pumps (600-bar) and 800-bar flexible pumps in the 1260 Infinity II Prime LC systems. Agilent Intelligent System Emulation Technology (ISET) removes method transfer challenges through a single click of the mouse.

Sciex Jasper HPLC system. Jasper is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Class I and CE-marked in vitro diagnostic system and serves as the front-end to Sciex’s MS systems and is designed for targeting applications in clinical diagnostics. They are designed to operate at a maximum pressure of 10,000 psi.

Thermo Scientific Vanquish UHPLC systems. The company updated its family of Vanquish UHPLC systems, now consisting of Vanquish Horizon (1500 bar, binary pumps), Vanquish Flex Binary (1000 bar), Vanquish Flex Quaternary (1000 bar, low-pressure mixing), and Vanquish Duo (dual pumps, two flow paths, up to 1500 bar, and dual split sampler) systems for enhanced productivity.

Waters Arc Bio system. The system is a dual-path, biocompatible, intermediary-pressure (9500 psi, 5.0 mL/min) UHPLC system designed to facilitate method conversion between UHPLC and HPLC. The system has an iron-free sample flow path and is particularly suited for the analysis of biomolecules, and is controlled by the Waters Empower 3 CDS or Masslynx software.

Bruker nanoElute UHPLC system. The company introduced the nanoElute UHPLC system for its Q-TOF and other MS systems in omics, biomarker, and biopharmaceutical applications. The system is equipped with a single-piston pump of 1300-µL volume, which supports flow rates of 50-2000 nL/min at pressures as high as 1000 bar.

Buyers’ perspective
While procuring an HPLC system, buyers take into consideration:

• Flexibility of the system – whether the system can be optimized to meet the laboratory requirements;
• If components, such as additional detectors and valves, can be upgraded in the future;
• They ask for a demo version, to get a feel of how the software functions for the laboratory’s workflow;
• If the system (not just components) is qualified during installation as to meeting the manufacturer’s performance expectations;
• Ensure after-sales service is available, whether from the manufacturer or from a third-party service group, and if the service providers are factory-trained; and
• Finally, check on the cost of the purchase – not just the price of the product being installed but the total cost of ownership, which includes price, service expectations, and warranty, among others.

Way forward
The ever-increasing demands on liquid chromatography have fueled ongoing improvements and enhancements of the technique to provide better and faster separations. With the need to achieve complete separation of more and more complex compounds with greater precision, UHPLC has become a standard practice across numerous disciplines.

Industry Speak

Such advancements and benefits notwithstanding, the reality is that there are multiple limiting factors to the vast majority of HPLC systems deployed today. Examples of such factors include size and weight per unit (upwards of 24 cubic feet and 100 pounds each), as well as the ongoing costs of solvents, waste disposal, and environmental risks.

So, what happens to the world of analytical chemistry when HPLC instruments become small and portable?

The obvious benefits of shrinking
As it turns out, there is little available information on the internet today that discloses the exact dimensions or weights of the most widely deployed HPLC instruments, let alone the volumes (or costs) of solvents each consumes in round-the-clock usage, or the waste volume requirements for HPLC use, either on a storage or a disposal basis. But, from a practical standpoint, even if they are not responsible for the financial aspects of HPLC use, one can clearly understand how large and heavy most HPLC instruments are; the average number of liters of solvents consumed per month per standard HPLC system; and the waste storage and disposal requirements for using today’s HPLC instruments.

So, what happens if one shrinks HPLC systems? At a minimum, there are at least four obvious benefits from making HPLC instruments smaller:

Smaller means less space. As soon as HPLC systems shrink in size, they take up less space, whether in a laboratory setting (such as on a laboratory bench or within a fume hood) or on a factory floor. At a minimum, a smaller footprint opens up real estate for other instruments, equipment, or supplies wherever typical HPLC instruments have been deployed previously.

Lower solvent use. Smaller HPLC instruments become practical only if they utilize capillary columns within a high-pressure system, and, when designed properly, HPLC systems with capillary columns will mean lower solvent and sample usage.

Smaller waste volumes. If solvent and sample needs decrease with smaller HPLC systems, then, ipso facto, waste volumes will drop as well.

Decreased costs. When solvent consumption drops, and the amount of waste experts are producing also drops, costs should drop in lockstep. Specifically, experts will spend less on solvents, because they will need lower amounts per analysis. Additionally, because they will be producing less waste per month, their waste disposal costs will also drop.

Not-so-obvious benefits of shrinking
In-laboratory portability and mobility. The moment HPLC instruments weigh less and take up less space, it becomes immediately possible to move an HPLC system from one location within a laboratory to another, without a forklift, and fairly easily and safely as well. Depending on the design parameters of the respective mobile HPLC instrument, it might be necessary to recalibrate a system after it has been moved, but that is the case already today.

Manufacturing portability and mobility. If smaller and lighter-weight HPLC instruments can be easily moved around within a laboratory setting, similar portability and mobility benefits are also available within manufacturing facilities as well.

Eradicate jury-rigged mobile platforms. It has been observed that a variety of efforts designed to transform bulky HPLC systems into mobile solutions are used on manufacturing lines, and implemented for transportation between laboratories. The most common example has been the use of industrial carts laden with HPLC instruments, liters of solvents, and waste capture containers. Ingenious as such hand-pushed contraptions may be, they are, in reality, inherently unsafe and cumbersome attempts to solve important analytical challenges.

Eliminate Rube Goldberg-like laboratory setups. So, what happens when an HPLC instrument is located on a bench at one end of the lab and the mass spectrometer (MS) is at the other end of the lab, and one needs to get a sample from their instrument to the MS instrument? If the MS instrument is not dedicated to an HPLC system, the HPLC instrument must be moved onto a cart, and wheeled as close to the MS system as possible, relying on transfer tubing to make the final connection, with its related delay volume and other challenges. But, with a hand-portable, shrunken HPLC instrument in play, the need for such Rube Goldberg-like setups is eliminated, permanently.

Moore’s Law and dedicated HPLC systems. When Gordon Moore first posited what became known as Moore’s law, few anticipated the decades-long implications tied to ever-shrinking semiconductors, the doubling of computing power, and the attendant price drops of such processing chips. Interestingly, other industries have experienced similar growth curves often tied to smaller components, increased capabilities, and lowered prices. As HPLC systems shrink and their attendant costs drop, both from a capital expenditures standpoint and from an operational expenditures perspective, one potential benefit of such a world is the ability for organizations to move to dedicated HPLC instruments for their scientists, instead of shared systems, and, if more analytical chemists have their own HPLC systems, the opportunity for increased throughput rises significantly.

In addition to the outcomes outlined, the most intriguing potential benefits of smaller and lighter-weight HPLC instruments are those that experts do not know yet, or those that they have yet to discover. Perhaps, these are what one might consider as the unintended consequences of shrunken HPLC systems. Be that as it may, the most unexpected opportunities of smaller HPLC systems will be the ability to take the laboratory to the sample. Other potential unexpected applications for shrunken HPLC systems might include: crime scene HPLC instrument deployments; real-time drug testing for employers; or on-the-fly environmental testing of chemical spills, just to name a few.

Second Opinion